NHG-Richtlijnen
NHG-Standaard
M23
3.1
juli 2014
juli 2024
P. Psychische problemen

Begrippen

Naar Volledige tekst ›

Richtlijnen diagnostiek

Naar Volledige tekst ›

Anamnese

Naar Volledige tekst ›

Aanvullend onderzoek

Naar Volledige tekst ›

Evaluatie

Naar Volledige tekst ›

Richtlijnen beleid bij slapeloosheid

Naar Volledige tekst ›

Algemeen

Naar Volledige tekst ›

Voorlichting en advies

Naar Volledige tekst ›

Behandeling comorbiditeit

Naar Volledige tekst ›

Niet-medicamenteuze behandeling

Naar Volledige tekst ›

Medicamenteuze behandeling

Naar Volledige tekst ›

Controles

Naar Volledige tekst ›

Consultatie en verwijzing

Naar Volledige tekst ›

Richtlijnen beleid bij overige slaapstoornissen

Naar Volledige tekst ›

Richtlijnen beleid bij chronisch slaapmiddelengebruik

Naar Volledige tekst ›

Belangrijkste wijzigingen

Naar Samenvatting ›

Kernboodschappen

Naar Samenvatting ›

Inleiding

Naar Samenvatting ›

Scope

Naar Samenvatting ›

Buiten de scope

Naar Samenvatting ›

Samenwerking en afstemming

Naar Samenvatting ›

Achtergronden

Naar Samenvatting ›

Begrippen

Naar Samenvatting ›

Slaapproblemen

Naar Samenvatting ›

Slecht slapen

Naar Samenvatting ›

Slaperigheid overdag (hypersomnolentie)

Naar Samenvatting ›

Moeheid

Naar Samenvatting ›

Slaapstoornis

Naar Samenvatting ›

Slapeloosheid (insomnie)

Naar Samenvatting ›

Kortdurende slapeloosheid

Naar Samenvatting ›

Aanhoudende slapeloosheid

Naar Samenvatting ›

Negatieve conditionering

Naar Samenvatting ›

Chronisch gedragsmatig slaaptekort

Naar Samenvatting ›

Chronisch slaapmiddelengebruik

Naar Samenvatting ›

Augmentatie (bij RLS)

Naar Samenvatting ›

Slapeloosheid (insomnie)

Naar Samenvatting ›

Epidemiologie

Naar Samenvatting ›

Etiologie, pathofysiologie en beloop

Naar Samenvatting ›

Verstoring dag-nachtritme door jetlag en ploegendienst

Naar Samenvatting ›

Vertraagdeslaapfasesyndroom

Naar Samenvatting ›

Obstructief slaapapneu (OSA)

Naar Samenvatting ›

Narcolepsie

Naar Samenvatting ›

Restless-legssyndroom (RLS)

Naar Samenvatting ›

Nachtelijke kuitkrampen

Naar Samenvatting ›

Richtlijnen diagnostiek

Naar Samenvatting ›

Anamnese

Naar Samenvatting ›

Slecht slapen

Naar Samenvatting ›

Slaperigheid overdag

Naar Samenvatting ›

Snurken en/of nachtelijke ademstops

Naar Samenvatting ›

Rusteloze benen

Naar Samenvatting ›

Nachtelijke kuitkrampen

Naar Samenvatting ›

Lichamelijk onderzoek

Naar Samenvatting ›

Aanvullend onderzoek

Naar Samenvatting ›

Bij slecht slapen

Naar Samenvatting ›

Bij rusteloze benen

Naar Samenvatting ›

Alle klachten

Naar Samenvatting ›

Evaluatie

Naar Samenvatting ›

Richtlijnen beleid bij slapeloosheid

Naar Samenvatting ›

Algemeen

Naar Samenvatting ›

Voorlichting en advies

Naar Samenvatting ›

Behandeling comorbiditeit

Naar Samenvatting ›

Psychische klachten

Naar Samenvatting ›

Lichamelijke klachten en geneesmiddelgebruik

Naar Samenvatting ›

Niet-medicamenteuze behandeling

Naar Samenvatting ›

Gedragsmatige behandeling bij aanhoudende slapeloosheid

Naar Samenvatting ›
Praktische toepassing
Naar Samenvatting ›
Individuele gedragsmatige behandeling in de huisartsenpraktijk (indien mogelijk)
Naar Samenvatting ›

Medicamenteuze behandeling

Naar Samenvatting ›

Slaapmiddelen (benzodiazepineagonisten)

Naar Samenvatting ›
Praktische toepassing
Naar Samenvatting ›

Melatonine

Naar Samenvatting ›

Overige medicatie

Naar Samenvatting ›
Valeriaan
Naar Samenvatting ›
Atypische antipsychotica
Naar Samenvatting ›
Antidepressiva
Naar Samenvatting ›
Sederende antihistaminica
Naar Samenvatting ›

Controles

Naar Samenvatting ›

Consultatie en verwijzing

Naar Samenvatting ›

Bedrijfsarts

Naar Samenvatting ›

Gedragsmatige behandeling

Naar Samenvatting ›
Slaapoefentherapie (individueel)
Naar Samenvatting ›
Ontspanningsoefeningen
Naar Samenvatting ›
Psycholoog
Naar Samenvatting ›
Slaap-waakcentrum
Naar Samenvatting ›

Richtlijnen beleid bij overige slaapstoornissen

Naar Samenvatting ›

Algemeen

Naar Samenvatting ›

Verstoring ritme door jetlag of ploegendiensten

Naar Samenvatting ›

Voorlichting en advies

Naar Samenvatting ›

Thuisarts

Naar Samenvatting ›

Medicamenteuze behandeling

Naar Samenvatting ›

Verwijzing en consultatie

Naar Samenvatting ›

Obstructief slaapapneu

Naar Samenvatting ›

Narcolepsie of ernstig vertraagde slaapfasesyndroom

Naar Samenvatting ›

Consultatie en verwijzing

Naar Samenvatting ›

Restless-legssyndroom

Naar Samenvatting ›

Voorlichting en advies

Naar Samenvatting ›

Thuisarts

Naar Samenvatting ›

Medicamenteuze behandeling (facultatief)

Naar Samenvatting ›
Praktische toepassing anti-epileptica
Naar Samenvatting ›

Consultatie en verwijzing

Naar Samenvatting ›

Nachtelijke kuitkrampen

Naar Samenvatting ›

Voorlichting en advies

Naar Samenvatting ›

Thuisarts

Naar Samenvatting ›

Medicamenteuze behandeling

Naar Samenvatting ›
Praktische toepassing proefbehandeling hydrokinine
Naar Samenvatting ›

Richtlijnen beleid bij chronisch slaapmiddelengebruik

Naar Samenvatting ›

Algemeen

Naar Samenvatting ›

Thuisarts

Naar Samenvatting ›

Behandeling

Naar Samenvatting ›

Minimale-interventiestrategie

Naar Samenvatting ›

Gereguleerde dosisreductiemethode

Naar Samenvatting ›

Controles

Naar Samenvatting ›

Consultatie en verwijzing

Naar Samenvatting ›

Referenties

  1. Sateia MJ. International classification of sleep disorders-third edition: highlights and modifications. Chest 2014;146:1387-94.
  2. (AASM) AAosm. De AASM internationale classificatie van slaapstoornissen – derde editie, tekstrevisie (ICSD-3-TR) (2023). https://aasm.org/clinical-resources/international-classification-sleep-disorders/.
  3. Gehrman P, Findley J, Perlis M. Insomnia I: Etiology and Conceptualization. In: Morin CM, Espie CA, editors. Oxford Handbook of Sleep and Sleepdisorders. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2012.
  4. Zandstra SM, Furer JW, Van de Lisdonk EH, van 't Hof HM, Bor JH, Van Weel C, Zitman FG. Different study criteria affect the prevalence of benzodiazepine use. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol 2002;37:139-44.
  5. Gorgels WJ, Oude Voshaar RC, Mol AJ, Van de Lisdonk EH, van Balkom AJ, Breteler MH, et al. Predictors of discontinuation of benzodiazepine prescription after sending a letter to long-term benzodiazepine users in family practice. Fam Pract 2006;23:65-72.
  6. Beersma DGM. Chronobiologie van de slaap. In: Van Bemmel AL, Beersma DGM, De Groen JHM, Hofman WF, editors. Handboek Slaap en Slaapstoornissen. Maarssen: Elsevier gezondheidszorg; 2001.
  7. Werkgroep melatonine. Aanbevelingen voor juist gebruik van melatonine in de klinische praktijk (2023). https://www.nswo.nl/wp-content/uploads/Expert_opinion_melatonine_06052023.pdf.
  8. Kerkhof GA. Brain potentials at different times of day for morning-type and evening-type subjects [proefschrift]. Leiderdorp1981.
  9. Carskadon MA, Dement WC. Normal human sleep: an overview. In: Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC, editors. Principles and practice of sleep medicine. 3 ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2000.
  10. Merica H, Gaillard JM. Statistical description and evaluation of the interrelationships of standard sleep variables for normal subjects. Sleep 1985;8:261-73.
  11. Aserinsky E, Kleitman M. Regularly occuring periods of eye motility, and concomitant phenomena during sleep. Science 1953;18:273-4.
  12. Peigneux P. Sleep and the brain. In: Morin CM, Espie CA, editors. Oxford Handbook of Sleep and Sleepdisorders. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2012.
  13. Van Cauter E. Endocrine physiology. In: Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC, editors. Principles and practice of sleep medicine. 3 ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2000.
  14. CBS. Een op de vijf meldt slaapproblemen (2018). https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/nieuws/2018/11/een-op-de-vijf-meldt-slaapproblemen, geraadpleegd op 19-01-2024.
  15. Kocevska D, Lysen TS, Dotinga A, Koopman-Verhoeff ME, Luijk M, Antypa N, et al. Sleep characteristics across the lifespan in 1.1 million people from the Netherlands, United Kingdom and United States: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nat Hum Behav 2021;5:113-22.
  16. Van Hommerig J, Overbeek L. Cijfers over ziekten op jaarbasis - hoe gezond is Nederland? (2023). https://www.nivel.nl/nl/resultaten-van-onderzoek/cijfers-ziekten-op-jaarbasis, geraadpleegd op 19-01-2024.
  17. Patientenfederatie Nederland. Onderzoek naar slaapproblemen (2022). Ga naar bron
  18. Van der Linden MW, Westert GP, De Bakker DH, Schellevis FG. Tweede Nationale Studie naar ziekten en verrichtingen in de huisartspraktijk: klachten en aandoeningen in de bevolking en in de huisartspraktijk. Utrecht/Bilthoven: NIVEL/Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu, 2004.
  19. Bakker MH, Oldejans NA, Hugtenburg JG, van der Horst HE, Slottje P. Insomnia management in Dutch general practice: a routine care database study. Scand J Prim Health Care 2023;41:306-16.
  20. IVM. Themarapportage Minderen en stoppen. Monitor voorschrijven Huisartsen (2022). Ga naar bron
  21. SFK. Benzodiazepinen: 3,7% meer eerste uitgiftes (2022). Ga naar bron
  22. Trimbos. Slaap- en kalmeringsmiddelen 10.2.2 Gebruik onder groepen in de volwassen bevolking - Nationale Drug Monitor 2020. Ga naar bron
  23. Riemann D, Nissen C, Palagini L, Otte A, Perlis ML, Spiegelhalder K. The neurobiology, investigation, and treatment of chronic insomnia. Lancet Neurol 2015;14:547-58.
  24. Morgan K. The epidemiology of sleep. In: Morin CM, Espie CA, editors. Oxford Handbook of Sleep and Sleepdisorders. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2012.
  25. Daley M, Morin CM, LeBlanc M, Gregoire JP, Savard J, Baillargeon L. Insomnia and its relationship to health-care utilization, work absenteeism, productivity and accidents. Sleep Med 2009;10:427-38.
  26. Kessler RC, Berglund PA, Coulouvrat C, Hajak G, Roth T, Shahly V, et al. Insomnia and the performance of US workers: results from the America insomnia survey. Sleep 2011;34:1161-71.
  27. Leger D, Guilleminault C, Bader G, Levy E, Paillard M. Medical and socio-professional impact of insomnia. Sleep 2002;25:625-9.
  28. Philip P, Sagaspe P, Lagarde E, Leger D, Ohayon MM, Bioulac B, et al. Sleep disorders and accidental risk in a large group of regular registered highway drivers. Sleep Med 2010;11:973-9.
  29. Arnedt JT, Conroy DA, Brower KJ. Sleep and Substance Use Disorders. In: Morin CM, Espie CA, editors. Oxford Handbook of Sleep and Sleepdisorders. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2012.
  30. Drake C, Roehrs T, Shambroom J, Roth T. Caffeine effects on sleep taken 0, 3, or 6 hours before going to bed. J Clin Sleep Med 2013;9:1195-200.
  31. Munezawa T, Kaneita Y, Osaki Y, Kanda H, Minowa M, Suzuki K, et al. The association between use of mobile phones after lights out and sleep disturbances among Japanese adolescents: a nationwide cross-sectional survey. Sleep 2011;34:1013-20.
  32. Higuchi S, Motohashi Y, Liu Y, Maeda A. Effects of playing a computer game using a bright display on presleep physiological variables, sleep latency, slow wave sleep and REM sleep. J Sleep Res 2005;14:267-73.
  33. Arroll B, Fernando A, III, Falloon K, Goodyear-Smith F, Samaranayake C, Warman G. Prevalence of causes of insomnia in primary care: a cross-sectional study. Br. J. gen. Pract 2012;62:e99-103.
  34. Dopheide JA. Insomnia overview: epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and monitoring, and nonpharmacologic therapy. Am J Manag Care 2020;26:S76-s84.
  35. Kerkhof GA. Circadiane ontregeling en slaapstoornissen. In: Kerkhof GA, editor. Slaap-waakstoornissen: ontregelingen van de biologische klok. Leiden: Boerhaave Commissie voor Postacademisch Onderwijs in de Geneeskunde, Rijksuniversiteit Leiden; 1998.
  36. Kantermann T, Juda M, Merrow M, Roenneberg T. The human circadian clock's seasonal adjustment is disrupted by daylight saving time. Curr. Biol 2007;17:1996-2000.
  37. Schrader H, Bovim G, Sand T. The prevalence of delayed and advanced sleep phase syndromes. J. Sleep Res 1993;2:51-5.
  38. Lack LC, Wright H. Circadian rythm disorder. In: Morin CM, Espie CA, editors. Oxford Handbook of Sleep and Sleepdisorders. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2012.
  39. Van Geijlswijk IM, Korzilius HP, Smits MG. The use of exogenous melatonin in delayed sleep phase disorder: a meta-analysis. Sleep 2010;33:1605-14.
  40. Eckert DJ, White DP, Jordan AS, Malhotra A, Wellman A. Defining phenotypic causes of obstructive sleep apnea. Identification of novel therapeutic targets. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013;188:996-1004.
  41. McNicholas WT, Pevernagie D. Obstructive sleep apnea: transition from pathophysiology to an integrative disease model. J Sleep Res 2022;31:e13616.
  42. NVALT. Richtlijn Obstructief slaapapneu (OSA) bij volwassenen (2018). Ga naar bron
  43. Senaratna CV, Perret JL, Lodge CJ, Lowe AJ, Campbell BE, Matheson MC, et al. Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in the general population: A systematic review. Sleep Med Rev 2017;34:70-81.
  44. Heinzer R, Vat S, Marques-Vidal P, Marti-Soler H, Andries D, Tobback N, et al. Prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in the general population: the HypnoLaus study. Lancet Respir Med 2015;3:310-8.
  45. Young T, Palta M, Dempsey J, Skatrud J, Weber S, Badr S. The occurrence of sleep-disordered breathing among middle-aged adults. N. Engl. J Med 1993;328:1230-5.
  46. Kylstra WA, Aaronson JA, Hofman WF, Schmand BA. Neuropsychological functioning after CPAP treatment in obstructive sleep apnea: a meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev 2013;17:341-7.
  47. Vaessen TJ, Overeem S, Sitskoorn MM. Cognitive complaints in obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Med Rev 2015;19:51-8.
  48. Allen RP. Restless leg syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease pathophysiology. Sleep Med Clin 2015;10:207-14, xi.
  49. Allen RP. Restless legs syndrome and periodic leg movements. In: Morin CM, Espie CA, redactie. Oxford Handbook of sleep and sleepdisorders. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
  50. Hoque R, Chesson AL, Jr. Pharmacologically induced/exacerbated restless legs syndrome, periodic limb movements of sleep, and REM behavior disorder/REM sleep without atonia: literature review, qualitative scoring, and comparative analysis. J Clin. Sleep Med 2010;6:79-83.
  51. Chahine LM, Chemali ZN. Restless legs syndrome: a review. CNS. Spectr 2006;11:511-20.
  52. Bongers F, Te Brake H, Schellevis F. Rusteloze benen in de huisartsenpraktijk: fictie en feiten. Huisarts Wet 2007;50:3-.
  53. Baggen M, Timmermans M, Moes K, De Weerd A. Prevalentie en impact van het restlesslegssyndroom in de huisartsenpraktijk. Huisarts Wet 2007;50:134-9.
  54. Ohayon MM, O'Hara R, Vitiello MV. Epidemiology of restless legs syndrome: a synthesis of the literature. Sleep Med Rev 2012;16:283-95.
  55. Hubner A, Krafft A, Gadient S, Werth E, Zimmermann R, Bassetti CL. Characteristics and determinants of restless legs syndrome in pregnancy: a prospective study. Neurology 2013;80:738-42.
  56. Minar M, Habanova H, Rusnak I, Planck K, Valkovic P. Prevalence and impact of restless legs syndrome in pregnancy. Neuro. Endocrinol. Lett 2013;34:366-71.
  57. Allen RP, Auerbach S, Bahrain H, Auerbach M, Earley CJ. The prevalence and impact of restless legs syndrome on patients with iron deficiency anemia. Am J Hematol 2013;88:261-4.
  58. Hornyak M, Feige B, Riemann D, Voderholzer U. Periodic leg movements in sleep and periodic limb movement disorder: prevalence, clinical significance and treatment. Sleep Med Rev 2006;10:169-77
  59. Abdulla AJ, Jones PW, Pearce VR. Leg cramps in the elderly: prevalence, drug and disease associations. Int J Clin Pract 1999;53:494-6.
  60. Haskell SG, Fiebach NH. Clinical epidemiology of nocturnal leg cramps in male veterans. Am J Med Sci 1997;313:210-4.
  61. Kanaan N, Sawaya R. Nocturnal leg cramps. Clinically mysterious and painful--but manageable. Geriatrics 2001;56:34, 9-, 42.
  62. KNMP. Informatorium Medicamentorum 2014. Den Haag: KNMP, 2014.
  63. Young G. Leg cramps. Clin Evid 2006;10:1113-20.
  64. Jansen PH, Veenhuizen KC, Wesseling AI, de Boo T, Verbeek AL. Randomised controlled trial of hydroquinine in muscle cramps. Lancet 1997;349:528-32.
  65. Leung AK, Wong BE, Chan PY, Cho HY. Nocturnal leg cramps in children: incidence and clinical characteristics. J Natl. Med Assoc 1999;91:329-32.
  66. Waterman D, Hofman WF. Niet-medicamenteuze therapie. In: Van Bemmel AL, Beersma DGM, De Groen JHM, Hofman WF, editors. Handboek Slaap en Slaapstoornissen. Maarssen: Elsevier gezondheidszorg; 2001.
  67. Fino E, Mazzetti M. Monitoring healthy and disturbed sleep through smartphone applications: a review of experimental evidence. Sleep Breath 2019;23:13-24.
  68. Nielen MMJ, Spronk I, Davids R, Zwaanswijk M, Verheij RA, J.C. K. Incidentie en prevalentie van gezondheidsproblemen in de Nederlandse huisartsenpraktijk in 2012. NIVEL Zorgregistraties eerste lijn [Laatst gewijzigd op 17-12-2013]. http://www. nivel. nl/incidentie-en-prevalentiecijfers-in-de-huisartsenpraktijk (2013).
  69. Marin LF, Felicio AC, Santos WA, Prado LB, Prado GF. Clinical correlates of the restless legs syndrome. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2012;70:529-31.
  70. Aurora RN, Kristo DA, Bista SR, Rowley JA, Zak RS, Casey KR, et al. The treatment of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder in adults-an update for 2012: practice parameters with an evidence-based systematic review and meta-analyses: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline. Sleep 2012;35:1039-62.
  71. Garcia-Borreguero D, Ferini-Strambi L, Kohnen R, O'Keeffe S, Trenkwalder C, Hogl B, et al. European guidelines on management of restless legs syndrome: report of a joint task force by the European Federation of Neurological Societies, the European Neurological Society and the European Sleep Research Society. Eur J Neurol 2012;19:1385-96.
  72. Prodigy. Insomnia (2009). http://www. prodigy. clarity. co. uk/insomnia#376443001 (2009a).
  73. Frauscher B, Gschliesser V, Brandauer E, El-Demerdash E, Kaneider M, Rucker L, et al. The severity range of restless legs syndrome (RLS) and augmentation in a prospective patient cohort: association with ferritin levels. Sleep Med 2009;10:611-5.
  74. Trenkwalder C, Hogl B, Benes H, Kohnen R. Augmentation in restless legs syndrome is associated with low ferritin. Sleep Med 2008;9:572-4.
  75. Trotti LM, Bhadriraju S, Becker LA. Iron for restless legs syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;5:CD007834.
  76. Trenkwalder C, Kohnen R, Allen RP, Benes H, Ferini-Strambi L, Garcia-Borreguero D, et al. Clinical trials in restless legs syndrome--recommendations of the European RLS Study Group (EURLSSG). Mov Disord 2007;22 Suppl 18:S495-504.
  77. Yang PY, Ho KH, Chen HC, Chien MY. Exercise training improves sleep quality in middle-aged and older adults with sleep problems: a systematic review. J Physiother 2012;58:157-63.
  78. Elavsky S, McAuley E. Lack of perceived sleep improvement after 4-month structured exercise programs. Menopause 2007;14:535-40.
  79. Mansikkamaki K, Raitanen J, Nygard CH, Heinonen R, Mikkola T, EijaTomas, Luoto R. Sleep quality and aerobic training among menopausal women--a randomized controlled trial. Maturitas 2012;72:339-45.
  80. Ballesio A, Aquino M, Feige B, Johann AF, Kyle SD, Spiegelhalder K, et al. The effectiveness of behavioural and cognitive behavioural therapies for insomnia on depressive and fatigue symptoms: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev 2018;37:114-29.
  81. Gebara MA, Siripong N, DiNapoli EA, Maree RD, Germain A, Reynolds CF, et al. Effect of insomnia treatments on depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Depress Anxiety 2018;35:717-31.
  82. Thielecke J, Kuper P, Lehr D, Schuurmans L, Harrer M, Ebert DD, et al. Who benefits from indirect prevention and treatment of depression using an online intervention for insomnia? Results from an individual-participant data meta-analysis. Psychol Med 2024:1-14.
  83. Edinger JD, Arnedt JT, Bertisch SM, Carney CE, Harrington JJ, Lichstein KL, et al. Behavioral and psychological treatments for chronic insomnia disorder in adults: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine systematic review, meta-analysis, and GRADE assessment. J Clin Sleep Med 2021;17:263-98.
  84. Morin CM, Belleville G, Bélanger L, Ivers H. The Insomnia Severity Index: psychometric indicators to detect insomnia cases and evaluate treatment response. Sleep 2011;34:601-8.
  85. Van Straten A, Emmelkamp J, de Wit J, Lancee J, Andersson G, Van Someren EJ, Cuijpers P. Guided Internet-delivered cognitive behavioural treatment for insomnia: a randomized trial. Psychol Med 2014;44:1521-32.
  86. Salari N, Khazaie H, Hosseinian-Far A, Khaledi-Paveh B, Ghasemi H, Mohammadi M, Shohaimi S. The effect of acceptance and commitment therapy on insomnia and sleep quality: A systematic review. BMC Neurol 2020;20:300.
  87. Lappalainen P, Langrial S, Oinas-Kukkonen H, Muotka J, Lappalainen R. ACT for sleep - Internet-delivered self-help ACT for sub-clinical and clinical insomnia: a randomized controlled trial. J Contextual Behav Sci 2019;19:119-27.
  88. Zhang Y, Ren R, Yang L, Zhang H, Shi Y, Shi J, et al. Comparative efficacy and acceptability of psychotherapies, pharmacotherapies, and their combination for the treatment of adult insomnia: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev 2022;65:101687.
  89. Jacobs GD, Pace-Schott EF, Stickgold R, Otto MW. Cognitive behavior therapy and pharmacotherapy for insomnia: a randomized controlled trial and direct comparison. Arch Intern Med 2004;164:1888-96.
  90. Morin CM, Colecchi C, Stone J, Sood R, Brink D. Behavioral and pharmacological therapies for late-life insomnia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1999;11:991-9.
  91. Sivertsen B, Omvik S, Pallesen S, Bjorvatn B, Havik O, Kvale G, al. e. Cognitive behavioral therapy vs zopiclone for treatment of chronic primary insomnia in older adults: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2006;24:2851-8.
  92. Wu R, Bao J, Zhang C, Deng J, Long C. Comparison of sleep condition and sleep-related psychological activity after cognitive-behavior and pharmacological therapy for chronic insomnia. Psychother Psychosom 2006;4:220-8.
  93. Troxel WM, Germain A, Buysse DJ. Clinical management of insomnia with brief behavioral treatment (BBTI). Behav Sleep Med 2012;10:266-79.
  94. Espie CA. "Stepped care": a health technology solution for delivering cognitive behavioral therapy as a first line insomnia treatment. Sleep 2009;32:1549-58.
  95. Baglioni C, Espie CA, Altena E, Gavriloff D, Jernelöv S, Holzinger B, et al. Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia disorder: Extending the stepped care model. J Sleep Res 2023;32:e14016.
  96. Kyle SD, Siriwardena AN, Espie CA, Yang Y, Petrou S, Ogburn E, et al. Clinical and cost-effectiveness of nurse-delivered sleep restriction therapy for insomnia in primary care (HABIT): a pragmatic, superiority, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2023;402:975-87.
  97. Armstrong S, Pattinson J, Siriwardena AN, Kyle SD, Bower P, Yu LM, et al. Nurse-delivered sleep restriction therapy in primary care for adults with insomnia disorder: a mixed-methods process evaluation. Br J Gen Pract 2024;74:e34-e40.
  98. Van de Ven G, Meulepas M, Gorgels W, Verbeek I, Laurant MGH. Inzet POH ggz bij chronisch slaapmiddelengebruik. Huisarts Wet 2011;54:638-45.
  99. Espie CA, Inglis SJ, Tessier S, Harvey L. The clinical effectiveness of cognitive behaviour therapy for chronic insomnia: implementation and evaluation of a sleep clinic in general medical practice. Behav. Res. Ther 2001;39:45-60.
  100. Bothelius K, Kyhle K, Espie CA, Broman JE. Manual-guided cognitive-behavioural therapy for insomnia delivered by ordinary primary care personnel in general medical practice: a randomized controlled effectiveness trial. J Sleep Res 2013.
  101. Van der Zweerde T, Lancee J, Slottje P, Bosmans JE, Van Someren EJW, van Straten A. Nurse-Guided Internet-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia in General Practice: Results from a Pragmatic Randomized Clinical Trial. Psychother Psychosom 2020;89:174-84.
  102. Baka A, van der Zweerde T, Lancee J, Bosmans JE, van Straten A. Cost-effectiveness of Guided Internet-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Comparison with Care-as-Usual for Patients with Insomnia in General Practice. Behav Sleep Med 2022;20:188-203.
  103. Buscemi N, Vandermeer B, Friesen C, Bialy L, Tubman M, Ospina M, et al. The efficacy and safety of drug treatments for chronic insomnia in adults: a meta-analysis of RCTs. J Gen. Intern. Med 2007;22:1335-50.
  104. Dundar Y, Boland A, Strobl J, Dodd S, Haycox A, Bagust A, et al. Newer hypnotic drugs for the short-term management of insomnia: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol. Assess 2004;8:iii-125.
  105. Aronson JK. Meyler's side effects of drugs: the international encyclopedia of adverse drug reactions and interactions. 15 ed. Amsterdam etc.: Elsevier, 2006.
  106. Higgitt A, Fonagy P, Lader M. The natural history of tolerance to the benzodiazepines. Psychol. Med Monogr Suppl 1988;13:1-55.
  107. Riemann D, Nissen C. Sleep and psychotropic drugs. In: Morin CM, Espie CA, editors. Oxford Handbook of Sleep and Sleepdisorders. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2012.
  108. Vinkers CH, Olivier B. Mechanisms Underlying Tolerance after Long-Term Benzodiazepine Use: A Future for Subtype-Selective GABA(A) Receptor Modulators? Adv. Pharmacol. Sci 2012;2012:416864.
  109. Theunissen D, Knuistingh Neven A, Uges D. Medicamenteuze therapie. In: Van Bemmel AL, Beersma DGM, De Groen JHM, Hofman WF, editors. Handboek Slaap en Slaapstoornissen. Maarssen: Elsevier gezondheidszorg; 2001.
  110. Leipzig RM, Cumming RG, Tinetti ME. Drugs and falls in older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis: I. Psychotropic drugs. J Am. Geriatr. Soc 1999;47:30-9.
  111. Van Strien AM, Koek HL, Van Marum RJ, Emmelot-Vonk MH. Psychotropic medications, including short acting benzodiazepines, strongly increase the frequency of falls in elderly. Maturitas 2013;74:357-62.
  112. Takkouche B, Montes-Martinez A, Gill SS, Etminan M. Psychotropic medications and the risk of fracture: a meta-analysis. Drug Saf 2007;30:171-84.
  113. Cumming RG, Le Couteur DG. Benzodiazepines and risk of hip fractures in older people: a review of the evidence. CNS Drugs 2003;17:825-37.
  114. Dassanayake T, Michie P, Carter G, Jones A. Effects of benzodiazepines, antidepressants and opioids on driving: a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological and experimental evidence. Drug Saf 2011;34:125-56.
  115. Glass J, Lanctot KL, Herrmann N, Sproule BA, Busto UE. Sedative hypnotics in older people with insomnia: meta-analysis of risks and benefits. BMJ 2005;331:1169.
  116. Bateson AN. Basic pharmacologic mechanisms involved in benzodiazepine tolerance and withdrawal. Curr. Pharm. Des 2002;8:5-21.
  117. Gorgels WJ, Oude Voshaar RC, Mol AJ, Breteler MH, Van de Lisdonk EH, Zitman FG. Het langdurig gebruik van benzodiazepinen. Ned. Tijdschr. Geneeskd 2001;145:1342-6.
  118. Holbrook AM, Crowther R, Lotter A, Cheng C, King D. The diagnosis and management of insomnia in clinical practice: a practical evidence-based approach. CMAJ 2000;162:216-20.
  119. Petrovic M, Mariman A, Warie H, Afschrift M, Pevernagie D. Is there a rationale for prescription of benzodiazepines in the elderly? Review of the literature. Acta Clin. Belg 2003;58:27-36.
  120. Oude Voshaar RC. Consecutive treatment strategies to discontinue long-term benzodiazepine use: a systematic evaluation in general practice [proefschrift]. Nijmegen2003.
  121. Voshaar RC, van Balkom AJ, Zitman FG. Zolpidem is not superior to temazepam with respect to rebound insomnia: a controlled study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2004;14:301-6.
  122. Salinsky JV, Dore CJ. Characteristics of long term benzodiazepine users in general practice. J. R. Coll. Gen. Pract 1987;37:202-4.
  123. Zandstra SM, Van Rijswijk E, Rijnders CA, Van de Lisdonk EH, Bor JH, Van Weel C, Zitman FG. Long-term benzodiazepine users in family practice: differences from short-term users in mental health, coping behaviour and psychological characteristics. Fam. Pract 2004;21:266-9.
  124. Tyrer P. Risks of dependence on benzodiazepine drugs: the importance of patient selection. BMJ 1989;298:102, 4-, 5.
  125. King MB, Gabe J, Williams P, Rodrigo EK. Long term use of benzodiazepines: the views of patients. Br. J. gen. Pract 1990;40:194-6.
  126. Manthey L, Lohbeck M, Giltay EJ, van VT, Zitman FG, Penninx BW. Correlates of benzodiazepine dependence in the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety. Addiction 2012;107:2173-82.
  127. Vinkers CH, Tijdink JK, Luykx JJ, Vis R. kiezen voor de juiste benzodiazepine werkingsmechanisme en farmacokinetiek. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2012;155:A4900.
  128. Hajak G, Bandelow B, Zulley J, Pittrow D. "As needed" pharmacotherapy combined with stimulus control treatment in chronic insomnia--assessment of a novel intervention strategy in a primary care setting. Ann. Clin. Psychiatry 2002a;14:1-7.
  129. Hajak G, Cluydts R, Declerck A, Estivill SE, Middleton A, Sonka K, Unden M. Continuous versus non-nightly use of zolpidem in chronic insomnia: results of a large-scale, double-blind, randomized, outpatient study. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol 2002b;17:9-17.
  130. Walsh JK, Roth T, Randazzo A, Erman M, Jamieson A, Scharf M, et al. Eight weeks of non-nightly use of zolpidem for primary insomnia. Sleep 2000;23:1087-96.
  131. Jorgensen VR. An approach to reduce benzodiazepine and cyclopyrrolone use in general practice : a study based on a Danish population. CNS. Drugs 2007;21:947-55.
  132. Buscemi N, Vandermeer B, Hooton N, Pandya R, Tjosvold L, Hartling L, et al. The efficacy and safety of exogenous melatonin for primary sleep disorders. A meta-analysis. J Gen. Intern. Med 2005;20:1151-8.
  133. Lemoine P, Nir T, Laudon M, Zisapel N. Prolonged-release melatonin improves sleep quality and morning alertness in insomnia patients aged 55 years and older and has no withdrawal effects. J Sleep Res 2007;16:372-80.
  134. Luthringer R, Muzet M, Zisapel N, Staner L. The effect of prolonged-release melatonin on sleep measures and psychomotor performance in elderly patients with insomnia. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol 2009;24:239-49.
  135. Wade AG, Ford I, Crawford G, McMahon AD, Nir T, Laudon M, Zisapel N. Efficacy of prolonged release melatonin in insomnia patients aged 55-80 years: quality of sleep and next-day alertness outcomes. Curr. Med. Res. Opin 2007;23:2597-605.
  136. Wade AG, Ford I, Crawford G, McConnachie A, Nir T, Laudon M, Zisapel N. Nightly treatment of primary insomnia with prolonged release melatonin for 6 months: a randomized placebo controlled trial on age and endogenous melatonin as predictors of efficacy and safety. BMC Med 2010;8:51.
  137. Fernandez-San-Martin MI, Masa-Font R, Palacios-Soler L, Sancho-Gomez P, Calbo-Caldentey C, Flores-Mateo G. Effectiveness of Valerian on insomnia: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Sleep Med 2010;11:505-11.
  138. Nivel. Vaker antipsychoticum quetiapine voorgeschreven bij slapeloosheid (2020). Ga naar bron
  139. Thompson W, Quay TAW, Rojas-Fernandez C, Farrell B, Bjerre LM. Atypical antipsychotics for insomnia: a systematic review. Sleep Med 2016;22:13-7.
  140. Tassniyom K, Paholpak S, Tassniyom S, Kiewyoo J. Quetiapine for primary insomnia: a double blind, randomized controlled trial. J Med Assoc Thai 2010;93:729-34.
  141. De Crescenzo F, D'Alò GL, Ostinelli EG, Ciabattini M, Di Franco V, Watanabe N, et al. Comparative effects of pharmacological interventions for the acute and long-term management of insomnia disorder in adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet 2022;400:170-84.
  142. Højlund M, Andersen K, Ernst MT, Correll CU, Hallas J. Use of low-dose quetiapine increases the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events: results from a nationwide active comparator-controlled cohort study. World Psychiatry 2022;21:444-51.
  143. Boussaidi M, Zweers P. Quetiapine als slaapmiddel: bijwerkingen die je wakker schudden. Pharm Weekbl 2023;10.
  144. Kamphuis J, Taxis K, Schuiling-Veninga CC, Bruggeman R, Lancel M. Off-Label Prescriptions of Low-Dose Quetiapine and Mirtazapine for Insomnia in The Netherlands. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2015;35:468-70.
  145. Cormack MA, Sweeney KG, Hughes-Jones H, Foot GA. Evaluation of an easy, cost-effective strategy for cutting benzodiazepine use in general practice. Br. J. gen. Pract 1994;44:5-8.
  146. Morin CM. Measuring outcomes in randomized clinical trials of insomnia treatments. Sleep Med Rev 2003;7:263-79.
  147. Morin CM, Blais F, Savard J. Are changes in beliefs and attitudes about sleep related to sleep improvements in the treatment of insomnia? Behav. Res. Ther 2002;40:741-52.
  148. Prodigy. Sleep disorders - shift work and jet lag (2009b). Ga naar bron
  149. Prodigy. Restless legs syndrome (2009c) Ga naar bron
  150. Sack RL, Auckley D, Auger RR, Carskadon MA, Wright KP, Jr., Vitiello MV, Zhdanova IV. Circadian rhythm sleep disorders: part II, advanced sleep phase disorder, delayed sleep phase disorder, free-running disorder, and irregular sleep-wake rhythm. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine review. Sleep 2007;30:1484-501.
  151. Herxheimer A, Petrie KJ. Melatonin for the prevention and treatment of jet lag. Cochrane. Database. Syst. Rev 2002;2:CD001520.
  152. Gradisar M, Dohnt H, Gardner G, Paine S, Starkey K, Menne A, et al. A randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavior therapy plus bright light therapy for adolescent delayed sleep phase disorder. Sleep 2011;34:1671-80.
  153. Lack L, Bramwell T, Wright H, Kemp K. Morning blue light can advance the melatonin rhythm in mild delayed sleep phase syndrome. Sleep and Biological Rhythms 2007;5:78-80.
  154. Sharkey KM, Carskadon MA, Figueiro MG, Zhu Y, Rea MS. Effects of an advanced sleep schedule and morning short wavelength light exposure on circadian phase in young adults with late sleep schedules. Sleep Med 2011;12:685-92.
  155. Anonymus. Managing patients with restless legs. Drug Ther. Bull 2003;41:81-3.
  156. Aukerman MM, Aukerman D, Bayard M, Tudiver F, Thorp L, Bailey B. Exercise and restless legs syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. J Am. Board Fam Med 2006;19:487-93.
  157. Scholz H, Trenkwalder C, Kohnen R, Riemann D, Kriston L, Hornyak M. Dopamine agonists for restless legs syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011:CD006009.
  158. Wilt TJ, MacDonald R, Ouellette J, Khawaja IS, Rutks I, Butler M, Fink HA. Pharmacologic therapy for primary restless legs syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern. Med 2013;173:496-505.
  159. Griffin E, Brown JN. Pregabalin for the Treatment of Restless Legs Syndrome. Ann Pharmacother 2016;50:586-91.
  160. Allen RP, Chen C, Garcia-Borreguero D, Polo O, DuBrava S, Miceli J, et al. Comparison of pregabalin with pramipexole for restless legs syndrome. N Engl J Med 2014;370:621-31.
  161. Garcia-Borreguero D, Patrick J, DuBrava S, Becker PM, Lankford A, Chen C, et al. Pregabalin versus pramipexole: effects on sleep disturbance in restless legs syndrome. Sleep 2014;37:635-43.
  162. Anguelova GV, Vlak MHM, Kurvers AGY, Rijsman RM. Pharmacologic and Nonpharmacologic Treatment of Restless Legs Syndrome. Sleep Med Clin 2020;15:277-88.
  163. Van Dijk JG, Bollen EL, Slootweg J, van der Meer CM, Durian FW, Zwinderman AH. Geen verschil in werkzaamheid tussen hydrokinine en placebo bij 'restless legs'-syndroom. Ned. Tijdschr. Geneeskd 1991;135:759-63.
  164. Anonymus. Five ways to prevent nighttime leg cramps. Leg cramps can ruin a good night's sleep, but there are ways to prevent them. Harv. Health Lett 2004;30:6.
  165. Butler JV, Mulkerrin EC, O'Keeffe ST. Nocturnal leg cramps in older people. Postgrad Med J 2002;78:596-8.
  166. Coppin RJ, Wicke DM, Little PS. Managing nocturnal leg cramps--calf-stretching exercises and cessation of quinine treatment: a factorial randomised controlled trial. Br. J Gen. Pract 2005;55:186-91.
  167. Hallegraeff JM, Van der Schans CP, R. DR, De Greef MH. Stretching before sleep reduces the frequency and severity of nocturnal leg cramps in older adults: a randomised trial. J Physiother 2012;58:17-22.
  168. Diener HC, Dethlefsen U, thlefsen-Gruber S, Verbeek P. Effectiveness of quinine in treating muscle cramps: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicentre trial. Int J Clin Pract 2002;56:243-6.
  169. Man-Son-Hing M, Wells G, Lau A. Quinine for nocturnal leg cramps: a meta-analysis including unpublished data. J Gen Intern Med 1998;13:600-6.
  170. Woodfield R, Goodyear-Smith F, Arroll B. N-of-1 trials of quinine efficacy in skeletal muscle cramps of the leg. Br J Gen Pract 2005;55:181-5.
  171. Bouvy ML, Brinkmann JJFM, Jansman FGA. Oorsuizen (tinnitus) bij gebruik van hydrokinine en andere geneesmiddelen. Huisarts Wet 1999;42:318-20.
  172. Oosterhuis I, Puijenbroek E. Gehoorstoornissen bij kortdurend gebruik van hydrokinine in standaarddosering. Modern Med 2007;31:443-.
  173. Frusso R, Zarate M, Augustovski F, Rubinstein A. Magnesium for the treatment of nocturnal leg cramps: a crossover randomized trial. J Fam Pract 1999;48:868-71.
  174. Roffe C, Sills S, Crome P, Jones P. Randomised, cross-over, placebo controlled trial of magnesium citrate in the treatment of chronic persistent leg cramps. Med Sci. Monit 2002;8:CR326-CR30.
  175. Dahle LO, Berg G, Hammar M, Hurtig M, Larsson L. The effect of oral magnesium substitution on pregnancy-induced leg cramps. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;173:175-80.
  176. Sohrabvand F, Shariat M, Haghollahi F. Vitamin B supplementation for leg cramps during pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2006;95:48-9.
  177. Young GL, Jewell D. Interventions for leg cramps in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002:CD000121.
  178. Oude Voshaar RC, Gorgels WJ, Mol AJ, van Balkom AJ, Mulder J, Van de Lisdonk EH, et al. Long-term outcome of two forms of randomised benzodiazepine discontinuation. Br. J Psychiatry 2006;188:188-9.
  179. Gorgels WJ, Oude Voshaar RC, Mol AJ, Van de Lisdonk EH, van Balkom AJ, van den Hoogen HJ, et al. Discontinuation of long-term benzodiazepine use by sending a letter to users in family practice: a prospective controlled intervention study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2005;78:49-56.
  180. Niessen WJ, Stewart RE, Broer J, Haaijer-Ruskamp FM. Vermindering van gebruik van benzodiazepinen door een brief van de eigen huisarts aan chronische gebruikers. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2005;149:356-61.
  181. Ten Wolde GB, Dijkstra A, van EP, van den Hout W, Neven AK, Zitman F. Long-term effectiveness of computer-generated tailored patient education on benzodiazepines: a randomized controlled trial. Addiction 2008;103:662-70.
  182. Vicens C, Fiol F, Llobera J, Campoamor F, Mateu C, Alegret S, Socias I. Withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: randomised trial in family practice. Br. J Gen. Pract 2006;56:958-63.
  183. Denis C, Fatseas M, Lavie E, Auriacombe M. Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine mono-dependence management in outpatient settings. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006:CD005194
  184. Garfinkel D, Zisapel N, Wainstein J, Laudon M. Facilitation of benzodiazepine discontinuation by melatonin: a new clinical approach. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:2456-60.
  185. Garzon C, Guerrero JM, Aramburu O, Guzman T. Effecf of melatonin administration on sleep, behavioral disorders and hypnotic drug discontinuation in the elderly: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Aging - Clinical and Experimental Research 2009;21:38-42.
  186. Cardinali DP, Gvozdenovich E, Kaplan MR, Fainstein I, Shifis HA, Perez LS, et al. A double blind-placebo controlled study on melatonin efficacy to reduce anxiolytic benzodiazepine use in the elderly. Neuro. Endocrinol Lett 2002;23:55-60.
  187. Vissers FH, Knipschild PG, Crebolder HF. Is melatonin helpful in stopping the long-term use of hypnotics? A discontinuation trial. Pharm. World Sci 2007;29:641-6.
  188. Rickels K, Schweizer E, Garcia EF, Case G, DeMartinis N, Greenblatt D. Trazodone and valproate in patients discontinuing long-term benzodiazepine therapy: effects on withdrawal symptoms and taper outcome. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1999;141:1-5.
  189. Zitman FG, Couvee JE. Chronic benzodiazepine use in general practice patients with depression: an evaluation of controlled treatment and taper-off: report on behalf of the Dutch Chronic Benzodiazepine Working Group. Br. J Psychiatry 2001;178:317-24.
  190. Parr JM, Kavanagh DJ, Cahill L, Mitchell G, McD YR. Effectiveness of current treatment approaches for benzodiazepine discontinuation: a meta-analysis. Addiction 2009;104:13-24.
  191. Belleville G, Guay C, Guay B, Morin CM. Hypnotic taper with or without self-help treatment of insomnia: a randomized clinical trial. J Consult Clin. Psychol 2007;75:325-35.
  192. Geers H, Arents B, Bouvy ML. Minimale interventie in een cohort van chronische benzodiazepinegebruikers. Pharm Weekbl 2009;3:62-6.
  193. Nelissen-Vrancken HJMG, Eimers JM, Versteeg E. Minimale interventiestrategie voor stoppen met benzodiazepinen. Huisarts Wet 2006;49:92-5.
  194. Lucassen P, Ligthart SA, Kramers C, Speckens AEM. [Why do patients find it difficult to discontinue their medication?]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2021;165.
  195. Van der Jagt LJ, Lucassen PLB. Waarom vinden artsen het zo moeilijk om te stoppen met medicatie? NTvG 2021;165:D6152.
Slaapproblemen
NHG-werkgroep:
Bhogal-Statham M., Damen Z., Greving J., Lucassen P., Van Beek C., Warmerdam M, Wittkampf K.
3 gerelateerde lacunes2 gerelateerde onderzoeken
E-mail