NHG-Standaard
M13
3.1
februari 2014
september 2024
K. Hart-vaatstelsel
Richtlijnen diagnostiek
Naar Volledige tekst ›Anamnese
Naar Volledige tekst ›Lichamelijk onderzoek
Naar Volledige tekst ›Aanvullend onderzoek
Naar Volledige tekst ›Evaluatie
Naar Volledige tekst ›Richtlijnen beleid
Naar Volledige tekst ›Controles
Naar Volledige tekst ›Verwijzing
Naar Volledige tekst ›Samenwerkingsafspraken
Naar Volledige tekst ›Achtergronden
Naar Samenvatting ›Begrippen
Naar Samenvatting ›Perifeer arterieel vaatlijden
Naar Samenvatting ›Acute ischemie
Naar Samenvatting ›Chronisch obstructief arterieel vaatlijden
Naar Samenvatting ›Claudicatio intermittens
Naar Samenvatting ›Kritieke ischemie
Naar Samenvatting ›Epidemiologie
Naar Samenvatting ›Acute ischemie
Naar Samenvatting ›Chronisch obstructief arterieel vaatlijden
Naar Samenvatting ›Kritieke ischemie
Naar Samenvatting ›Etiologie en pathofysiologie
Naar Samenvatting ›Acute ischemie
Naar Samenvatting ›Chronisch obstructief arterieel vaatlijden
Naar Samenvatting ›Claudicatio intermittens
Naar Samenvatting ›Kritieke ischemie
Naar Samenvatting ›Prognose
Naar Samenvatting ›Richtlijnen diagnostiek
Naar Samenvatting ›Anamnese
Naar Samenvatting ›Aard en beloop van de klachten
Naar Samenvatting ›Kwaliteit van leven
Naar Samenvatting ›Risicofactoren voor hart- en vaatziekten
Naar Samenvatting ›Extra risicofactor voor perifeer arterieel vaatlijden
Naar Samenvatting ›Lichamelijk onderzoek
Naar Samenvatting ›Tekenen die passen bij acute ischemie van het been
Naar Samenvatting ›Arterieel
Naar Samenvatting ›Neurologisch
Naar Samenvatting ›Tekenen die passen bij chronisch obstructief arterieel vaatlijden
Naar Samenvatting ›Aanvullend onderzoek
Naar Samenvatting ›Acute ischemie
Naar Samenvatting ›Chronisch obstructief arterieel vaatlijden
Naar Samenvatting ›Enkel-armindex
Naar Samenvatting ›Laboratoriumonderzoek
Naar Samenvatting ›Kritieke ischemie
Naar Samenvatting ›Evaluatie
Naar Samenvatting ›Acute ischemie
Naar Samenvatting ›Chronisch obstructief arterieel vaatlijden
Naar Samenvatting ›Overwegingen bij diabetes mellitus
Naar Samenvatting ›Differentiaaldiagnose
Naar Samenvatting ›Richtlijnen beleid
Naar Samenvatting ›Voorlichting
Naar Samenvatting ›Acute ischemie
Naar Samenvatting ›Chronisch obstructief arterieel vaatlijden
Naar Samenvatting ›Thuisarts
Naar Samenvatting ›Niet-medicamenteuze behandeling
Naar Samenvatting ›Acute ischemie
Naar Samenvatting ›Chronisch obstructief arterieel vaatlijden
Naar Samenvatting ›Stoppen met roken
Naar Samenvatting ›Cardiovasculair risicomanagement
Naar Samenvatting ›Claudicatio intermittens
Naar Samenvatting ›Looptraining
Naar Samenvatting ›Voetverzorging
Naar Samenvatting ›Kritieke ischemie
Naar Samenvatting ›Medicamenteuze behandeling
Naar Samenvatting ›Acute ischemie
Naar Samenvatting ›Chronisch obstructief arterieel vaatlijden
Naar Samenvatting ›Kritieke ischemie
Naar Samenvatting ›Controles
Naar Samenvatting ›Claudicatio intermittens
Naar Samenvatting ›Na chirurgische interventies
Naar Samenvatting ›Revascularisatie
Naar Samenvatting ›Amputatie
Naar Samenvatting ›Verwijzing
Naar Samenvatting ›Spoedverwijzing
Naar Samenvatting ›Verwijzing bij acute ischemie
Naar Samenvatting ›Verwijzing bij chronisch obstructief arterieel vaatlijden
Naar Samenvatting ›Verwijzing bij kritieke ischemie
Naar Samenvatting ›Samenwerkingsafspraken
Naar Samenvatting ›Referenties
- Aboyans V, Criqui MH, Abraham P, Allison MA, Creager MA, Diehm C, et al. Measurement and interpretation of the ankle-brachial index: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2012;126:2890-909.
- Hirsch AT, Haskal ZJ, Hertzer NR, Bakal CW, Creager MA, Halperin JL, et al. ACC/AHA 2005 Practice Guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease (lower extremity, renal, mesenteric, and abdominal aortic): a collaborative report from the American Association for Vascular Surgery/Society for Vascular Surgery, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, Society of Interventional Radiology, and the ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease): endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Society for Vascular Nursing; TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus; and Vascular Disease Foundation. Circulation 2006;113:e463-e654.
- KNGF. Richtlijn Asymptomatisch Perifeer Arterieel Vaatlijden. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Fysiotherapie. In press.
- Lawall H, Diehm C. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Angiologie Gesellschaft für Gefäßmedizin. Leitlinien zur Diagnostik und Therapie der peripheren arteriellen Verschlusskrankheit (PAVK) (2009).
- NICE. Lower Limb Peripheral Arterial Disease: diagnosis and management (2012). Ga naar bron: NICE. Lower Limb Peripheral Arterial Disease: diagnosis and management (2012).
- Norgren L, Hiatt WR, Dormandy JA, Nehler MR, Harris KA, Fowkes FG, et al. Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease (TASC II). Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2007;33 Suppl 1:S1-75.
- Tendera M, Aboyans V, Bartelink ML, Baumgartner I, Clement D, Collet JP, et al. ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of peripheral artery diseases: Document covering atherosclerotic disease of extracranial carotid and vertebral, mesenteric, renal, upper and lower extremity arteries: the Task Force on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Artery Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2011;32:2851-906.
- Vahl AC, Reekers JA. Richtlijn ‘Diagnostiek en behandeling van arterieel vaatlijden van de onderste extremiteit’ van de Nederlandse Vereniging voor Heelkunde. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2005;149:1670-4.
- Dormandy J, Heeck L, Vig S. The natural history of claudication: risk to life and limb. Semin Vasc Surg 1999;12:123-37.
- Rutgers D, Meijer WT. Prevalentie van perifere arteriele vaatziekte en claudication intermittens bij personen van 55 jaar en ouder: het ERGO-onderzoek. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1998;142:2851-6.
- Stoffers HE, Rinkens PE, Kester AD, Kaiser V, Knottnerus JA. The prevalence of asymptomatic and unrecognized peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Int J Epidemiol 1996a;25:282-90.
- Aboyans V, Lacroix P, Preux PM, Vergnenegre A, Ferrieres J, Laskar M. Variability of ankle-arm index in general population according to its mode of calculation. Int Angiol 2002;21:237-43.
- Allison MA, Aboyans V, Granston T, McDermott MM, Kamineni A, Ni H, et al. The relevance of different methods of calculating the ankle-brachial index: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Am J Epidemiol 2010a;171:368-76.
- Klein S, Hage JJ. Measurement, calculation, and normal range of the ankle-arm index: a bibliometric analysis and recommendation for standardization. Ann Vasc Surg 2006;20:282-92.
- Lange SF, Trampisch HJ, Pittrow D, Darius H, Mahn M, Allenberg JR, et al. Profound influence of different methods for determination of the ankle brachial index on the prevalence estimate of peripheral arterial disease. BMC Public Health 2007;7:147.
- Sigvant B, Wiberg-Hedman K, Bergqvist D, Rolandsson O, Andersson B, Persson E, et al. A population-based study of peripheral arterial disease prevalence with special focus on critical limb ischemia and sex differences. J Vasc Surg 2007;45:1185-91.
- Hirsch AT, Criqui MH, Treat-Jacobson D, Regensteiner JG, Creager MA, Olin JW, et al. Peripheral arterial disease detection, awareness, and treatment in primary care. JAMA 2001;286:1317-24.
- Van de Lisdonk EH, Van den Bosch WJHM, Lagro-Janssen ALM. Ziekten in de huisartspraktijk. 5de druk. Maarssen: Elsevier Gezondheidszorg, 2008.
- Diehm C, Schuster A, Allenberg JR, Darius H, Haberl R, Lange S, et al. High prevalence of peripheral arterial disease and co-morbidity in 6880 primary care patients: cross-sectional study. Atherosclerosis 2004;172:95-105.
- Kroger K, Stang A, Kondratieva J, Moebus S, Beck E, Schmermund A, et al. Prevalence of peripheral arterial disease - results of the Heinz Nixdorf recall study. Eur J Epidemiol 2006;21:279-85.
- Ness J, Aronow WS. Prevalence of coronary artery disease, ischemic stroke, peripheral arterial disease, and coronary revascularization in older African-Americans, Asians, Hispanics, whites, men, and women. Am J Cardiol 1999;84:932-3, A7.
- Criqui MH, Vargas V, Denenberg JO, Ho E, Allison M, Langer RD, et al. Ethnicity and peripheral arterial disease: the San Diego Population Study. Circulation 2005;112:2703-7.
- Kullo IJ, Bailey KR, Kardia SL, Mosley TH, Jr., Boerwinkle E, Turner ST. Ethnic differences in peripheral arterial disease in the NHLBI Genetic Epidemiology Network of Arteriopathy (GENOA) study. Vasc Med 2003;8:237-42.
- Hooi JD, Kester AD, Stoffers HE, Overdijk MM, Van Ree JW, Knottnerus JA. Incidence of and risk factors for asymptomatic peripheral arterial occlusive disease: a longitudinal study. Am J Epidemiol 2001;153:666-72.
- Leng GC, Lee AJ, Fowkes FG, Whiteman M, Dunbar J, Housley E, et al. Incidence, natural history and cardiovascular events in symptomatic and asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease in the general population. Int J Epidemiol 1996b;25:1172-81.
- Ridker PM, Stampfer MJ, Rifai N. Novel risk factors for systemic atherosclerosis: a comparison of C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, homocysteine, lipoprotein(a), and standard cholesterol screening as predictors of peripheral arterial disease. JAMA 2001;285:2481-5.
- Ouriel K. Peripheral arterial disease. Lancet 2001;358:1257-64.
- Criqui MH, Denenberg JO, Langer RD, Fronek A. The epidemiology of peripheral arterial disease: importance of identifying the population at risk. Vasc Med 1997;2:221-6.
- Criqui MH. Peripheral arterial disease--epidemiological aspects. Vasc Med 2001;6:3-7.
- Fowkes FG, Housley E, Riemersma RA, Macintyre CC, Cawood EH, Prescott RJ, et al. Smoking, lipids, glucose intolerance, and blood pressure as risk factors for peripheral atherosclerosis compared with ischemic heart disease in the Edinburgh Artery Study. Am J Epidemiol 1992;135:331-40.
- Willigendael EM, Teijink JA, Bartelink ML, Kuiken BW, Boiten J, Moll FL, et al. Influence of smoking on incidence and prevalence of peripheral arterial disease. J Vasc Surg 2004;40:1158-65.
- Meijer WT, Grobbee DE, Hunink MGM, Hofman A, Hoes AW. Determinants of peripheral arterial disease in the elderly: the Rotterdam study. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:2934-8.
- Price JF, Mowbray PI, Lee AJ, Rumley A, Lowe GD, Fowkes FG. Relationship between smoking and cardiovascular risk factors in the development of peripheral arterial disease and coronary artery disease: Edinburgh Artery Study. Eur Heart J 1999;20:344-53.
- Ingolfsson IO, Sigurdsson G, Sigvaldason H, Thorgeirsson G, Sigfusson N. A marked decline in the prevalence and incidence of intermittent claudication in Icelandic men 1968-1986: a strong relationship to smoking and serum cholesterol--the Reykjavik Study. J Clin Epidemiol 1994;47:1237-43.
- Meijer WT, Hoes AW, Rutgers D, Bots ML, Hofman A, Grobbee DE. Peripheral arterial disease in the elderly: The Rotterdam Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998;18:185-92.
- Stoffers HEJH, Kester ADM, Kaiser V, Rinkens PELM, Kitslaar PJEH, Knottnerus A. The diagnostic value of the measurement of the ankle-brachial systolic pressure index in primary health care. J Clin Epidemiol 1996b;49:1401.
- Jepson RG, Fowkes FG, Donnan PT, Housley E. Alcohol intake as a risk factor for peripheral arterial disease in the general population in the Edinburgh Artery Study. Eur J Epidemiol 1995;11:9-14.
- Vliegenthart R, Geleijnse JM, Hofman A, Meijer WT, Van Rooij FJ, Grobbee DE, et al. Alcohol consumption and risk of peripheral arterial disease: the Rotterdam study. Am J Epidemiol 2002;155:332-8.
- Aquino R, Johnnides C, Makaroun M, Whittle JC, Muluk VS, Kelley ME, et al. Natural history of claudication: long-term serial follow-up study of 1244 claudicants. J Vasc Surg 2001;34:962-70.
- Murabito JM, D’Agostino RB, Silbershatz H, Wilson WF. Intermittent claudication. A risk profile from The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 1997;96:44-9.
- Adam DJ, Beard JD, Cleveland T, Bell J, Bradbury AW, Forbes JF, et al. Bypass versus angioplasty in severe ischaemia of the leg (BASIL): multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005;366:1925-34.
- Fratezi AC, Albers M, De Luccia ND, Pereira CA. Outcome and quality of life of patients with severe chronic limb ischaemia: a cohort study on the influence of diabetes. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 1995;10:459-65.
- Hooi JD, Stoffers HEJH. The prognosis of non-crtical limb ischaemia: a systematic review. Br J gen Pract 1999;49:49-55.
- Radack K, Deck C. Beta-adrenergic blocker therapy does not worsen intermittent claudication in subjects with peripheral arterial disease. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 1991;151:1769-76.
- Hooi JD, Stoffers HEJH, Kester AD, Van Ree JW, Knottnerus JA. Peripheral arterial occlusive disease: prognostic value of signs, symptoms, and the ankle-brachial pressure index. Med Decis Making 2002;22:99-107.
- Leng GC, Fowkes FG, Lee AJ, Dunbar J, Housley E, Ruckley CV. Use of ankle brachial pressure index to predict cardiovascular events and death: a cohort study. BMJ 1996a;313:1440-4.
- Hamalainen H, Ronnemaa T, Halonen JP, Toikka T. Factors predicting lower extremity amputations in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus: a population-based 7-year follow-up study. J Intern Med 1999;246:97-103.
- McDermott MM, Fried L, Simonsick E, Ling S, Guralnik JM. Asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease is independently associated with impaired lower extremity functioning: the women’s health and aging study. Circulation 2000;101:1007-12.
- McDermott MM, Ohlmiller SM, Liu K, Guralnik JM, Martin GJ, Pearce WH, et al. Gait alterations associated with walking impairment in people with peripheral arterial disease with and without intermittent claudication. J Am Geriatr Soc 2001;49:747-54.
- McDermott MM, Guralnik JM, Tian L, Liu K, Ferrucci L, Liao Y, et al. Associations of borderline and low normal ankle-brachial index values with functional decline at 5-year follow-up: the WALCS (Walking and Leg Circulation Study). J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;53:1056-62.
- Breek JC, Hamming JF, De Vries J, Aquarius AE, Van Berge Henegouwen DP. Quality of life in patients with intermittent claudication using the World Health Organisation (WHO) questionnaire. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2001;21:118-22.
- Breek JC, Hamming JF, De Vries J, Van Berge Henegouwen DP, Van Heck GL. The impact of walking impairment, cardiovascular risk factors, and comorbidity on quality of life in patients with intermittent claudication. J Vasc Surg 2002;36:94-9.
- Kitslaar PJEHM. Consensus diagnostiek en behandeling van arteriele claudicatio intermittens. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1997;141:2396.
- Klevsgard R, Hallberg IR, Risberg B, Thomsen MB. Quality of life associated with varying degrees of chronic lower limb ischaemia: comparison with a healthy sample. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 1999;17:319-25.
- Feinglass J, McCarthy WJ, Slavensky R, Manheim LM, Martin GJ. Effect of lower extremity blood pressure on physical functioning in patients who have intermittent claudication. The Chicago Claudication Outcomes Research Group. J Vasc Surg 1996;24:503-11.
- Klevsgard R, Hallberg IR, Risberg B, Thomsen MB. The effects of successful intervention on quality of life in patients with varying degrees of lower-limb ischaemia. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2000;19:238-45.
- Klevsgard R, Risberg BO, Thomsen MB, Hallberg IR. A 1-year follow-up quality of life study after hemodynamically successful or unsuccessful surgical revascularization of lower limb ischemia. J Vasc Surg 2001;33:114-22.
- Stoffers HE, Kester AD, Kaiser V, Rinkens PE, Knottnerus JA. Diagnostic value of signs and symptoms associated with peripheral arterial occlusive disease seen in general practice: a multivariable approach. Med Decis Making 1997;17:61-70.
- McGee SR, Boyko EJ. Physical examination and chronic lower-extremity ischemia: a critical review. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:1357-64.
- Stoffers HEJH. Noninvasive vascular tests in general practice. A literature review. In: Peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Prevalence, and diagnostic management in general practice [proefschrift]. Maastricht: Universitaire Pers Maastricht, 1995.
- Aboyans V, Criqui MH, McClelland RL, Allison MA, McDermott MM, Goff DC, Jr. et al. Intrinsic contribution of gender and ethnicity to normal ankle-brachial index values: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). J Vasc Surg 2007;45:319-27.
- Allison MA, Peralta CA, Wassel CL, Aboyans V, Arnett DK, Cushman M, et al. Genetic ancestry and lower extremity peripheral artery disease in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Vasc Med 2010b;15:351-9.
- Carmelli D, Fabsitz RR, Swan GE, Reed T, Miller B, Wolf PA. Contribution of genetic and environmental influences to ankle-brachial blood pressure index in the NHLBI Twin Study. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Am J Epidemiol 2000;151:452-8.
- Zheng ZJ, Rosamond WD, Chambless LE, Nieto FJ, Barnes RW, Hutchinson RG, et al. Lower extremity arterial disease assessed by ankle-brachial index in a middle-aged population of African Americans and whites: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Am J Prev Med 2005;29:42-9.
- Dachun X, Jue L, Liling Z, Yawei X, Dayi H, Pagoto SL, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of the ankle--brachial index to diagnose peripheral artery disease: a structured review. Vasc Med 2010;15:361-9.
- Gardner AW, Skinner JS, Cantwell BW, Smith LK. Prediction of claudication pain from clinical measurements obtained at rest. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992;24:163-70.
- Parr B, Noakes TD, Derman EW. Factors predicting walking intolerance in patients with peripheral arterial disease and intermittent claudication. S Afr Med J 2008;98:958-62.
- Szuba A, Oka RK, Harada R, Cooke JP. Limb hemodynamics are not predictive of functional capacity in patients with PAD. Vasc Med 2006;11:155-63.
- Amighi J, Sabeti S, Schlager O, Francesconi M, Ahmadi R, Minar E, et al. Outcome of conservative therapy of patients with severe intermittent claudication. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2004;27:254-8.
- Anderson JD, Epstein FH, Meyer CH, Hagspiel KD, Wang H, Berr SS, et al. Multifactorial determinants of functional capacity in peripheral arterial disease: uncoupling of calf muscle perfusion and metabolism. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54:628-35.
- Herman SD, Liu K, Tian L, Guralnik JM, Ferrucci L, Criqui MH, et al. Baseline lower extremity strength and subsequent decline in functional performance at 6-year follow-up in persons with lower extremity peripheral arterial disease. J Am Geriatr Soc 2009;57:2246-52.
- McDermott MM, Liu K, Ferrucci L, Tian L, Guralnik JM, Green D, et al. Circulating blood markers and functional impairment in peripheral arterial disease. J Am Geriatr Soc 2008;56:1504-10.
- McDermott MM, Liu K, Ferrucci L, Tian L, Guralnik JM, Liao Y, et al. Greater sedentary hours and slower walking speed outside the home predict faster declines in functioning and adverse calf muscle changes in peripheral arterial disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;57:2356-64.
- Decrinis M, Doder S, Stark G, Pilger E. A prospective evaluation of sensitivity and specificity of the ankle/brachial index in the follow-up of superficial femoral artery occlusions treated by angioplasty. Clin Investig 1994;72:592-7.
- Nicolai SP, Kruidenier LM, Rouwet EV, Bartelink ML, Prins MH, Teijink JA. Ankle brachial index measurement in primary care: are we doing it right? Br J Gen Pract 2009b;59:422-7.
- Bendermacher BL. Peripheral Arterial Disease. Screening, Diagnosis and Conservative Treatment [proefschrift]. Maastricht: Maastricht University Press. 2007.
- Fowkes FG, Housley E, Macintyre CC, Prescott RJ, Ruckley CV. Variability of ankle and brachial systolic pressures in the measurement of atherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease. J Epidemiol Community Health 1988;42:128-33.
- Ouriel K, McDonnell AE, Metz CE, Zarins CK. Critical evaluation of stress testing in the diagnosis of peripheral vascular disease. Surgery 1982;91:686-93.
- Heijenbrok-Kal MH, Kock MC, Hunink MG. Lower extremity arterial disease: multidetector CT angiography meta-analysis. Radiology 2007;245:433-9.
- De Vries SO, Hunink MG, Polak JF. Summary receiver operating characteristic curves as a technique for meta-analysis of the diagnostic performance of duplex ultrasonography in peripheral arterial disease. Acad Radiol 1996;3:361-9.
- Koelemay MJ, Den Hartog D, Prins MH, Kromhout JG, Legemate DA, Jacobs MJ. Diagnosis of arterial disease of the lower extremities with duplex ultrasonography. Br J Surg 1996;83:404-9.
- De Smet AA, Visser K, Kitslaar PJ. Duplex scanning for grading aortoiliac obstructive disease and guiding treatment. Eur J Vasc Surg 1994;8:711-5.
- Elsman BH, Legemate DA, Van der Heijden FH, De Vos HJ, Mali WP, Eikelboom BC. Impact of ultrasonographic duplex scanning on therapeutic decision making in lower-limb arterial disease. Br J Surg 1995;82:630-3.
- Collins R, Burch J, Cranny G, Aguiar-Ibáñez R, Craig D, Wright K, et al. Duplex ultrasonography, magnetic resonance angiography, and computed tomography angiography for diagnosis and assessment of symptomatic, lower limb peripheral arterial disease: systematic review. BMJ 2007;334:1257.
- Rutherford RB, Baker JD, Ernst C, Johnston KW, Porter JM, Ahn S, et al. Recommended standards for reports dealing with lower extremity ischemia: revised version. J Vasc Surg 1997;26:517-38.
- Stoffers J. Peripheral arterial disease. In: Jones R, Britten N, Gulpepper L, Grass D, Grol R, Mant D et al, editors. Oxford textbook of primary medical care. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004: 631-7
- Bachoo P, Thorpe PA, Maxwell H, Welch K. Endovascular stents for intermittent claudication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;CD003228.
- Twine CP, Coulston J, Shandall A, McLain AD. Angioplasty versus stenting for superficial femoral artery lesions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;CD006767.
- Twine CP, McLain AD. Graft type for femoro-popliteal bypass surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;CD001487.
- Fowkes FG, Gillespie IN. Angioplasty (versus non surgical management) for intermittent claudication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;CD000017.
- De Vries SO, Visser K, De Vries JA, Wong JB, Donaldson MC, Hunink MG. Intermittent claudication: cost-effectiveness of revascularization versus exercise therapy. Radiology 2002;222:25-36.
- Fowkes F, Leng GC. Bypass surgery for chronic lower limb ischaemia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;CD002000.
- Fritschi C, Collins EG, O’Connell S, McBurney C, Butler J, Edwards L. The Effects of Smoking Status on Walking Ability and Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease. J Cardiovasc Nurs 2013;28:380-6.
- Gardner AW, Killewich LA, Montgomery PS, Katzel LI. Response to exercise rehabilitation in smoking and nonsmoking patients with intermittent claudication. J Vasc Surg 2004;39:531-8.
- Smith I, Franks PJ, Greenhalgh RM, Poulter NR, Powell JT. The influence of smoking cessation and hypertriglyceridaemia on the progression of peripheral arterial disease and the onset of critical ischaemia. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 1996;11:402-8.
- Girolami B, Bernardi E, Prins MH, Ten Cate JW, Hettiarachchi R, Prandoni P, et al. Treatment of intermittent claudication with physical training, smoking cessation, pentoxifylline, or nafronyl: a meta-analysis [see comments]. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:337-45.
- Willigendael EM, Teijink JA, Bartelink ML, Peters RJ, Buller HR, Prins MH. Smoking and the patency of lower extremity bypass grafts: a meta-analysis. J Vasc Surg 2005;42:67-74.
- Stewart KJ, Hiatt WR, Regensteiner JG, Hirsch AT. Exercise training for claudication. N Engl J Med 2002;347:1941-51.
- Watson L, Ellis B, Leng GC. Exercise for intermittent claudication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;CD000990.
- Guidon M, McGee H. Exercise-based interventions and health-related quality of life in intermittent claudication: a 20-year (1989-2008) review. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2010;17:140-54.
- Kruidenier LM, Viechtbauer W, Nicolai SP, Buller H, Prins MH, Teijink JA. Treatment for intermittent claudication and the effects on walking distance and quality of life. Vascular 2012;20:20-35.
- Spronk S, Bosch JL, Veen HF, Den Hoed PT, Hunink MG. Intermittent claudication: functional capacity and quality of life after exercise training or percutaneous transluminal angioplasty--systematic review. Radiology 2005;235:833-42.
- Nicolai SP, Teijink JA, Prins MH. Multicenter randomized clinical trial of supervised exercise therapy with or without feedback versus walking advice for intermittent claudication. J Vasc Surg 2010;52:348-55.
- Bendermacher BL, Willigendael EM, Teijink JA, Prins MH. Supervised exercise therapy versus non-supervised exercise therapy for intermittent claudication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;CD005263.
- Gardner AW, Montgomery PS, Parker DE. Optimal exercise program length for patients with claudication. J Vasc Surg 2012;55:1346-54.
- Bulmer AC, Coombes JS. Optimising exercise training in peripheral arterial disease. Sports Med 2004;34:983-1003.
- Salhiyyah K, Senanayake E, Abdel-Hadi M, Booth A, Michaels JA. Pentoxifylline for intermittent claudication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;1:CD005262.
- CVZ. Farmacotherapeutisch Kompas 2012. College voor zorgverzekeringen. Ga naar bron: CVZ. Farmacotherapeutisch Kompas 2012. College voor zorgverzekeringen.
- Hiatt WR. Medical treatment of peripheral arterial disease and claudication. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1608-21.
- Dawson DL, Cutler BS, Hiatt WR, Hobson RW, Martin JD, Bortey EB, et al. A comparison of cilostazol and pentoxifylline for treating intermittent claudication. Am J Med 2000;109:523-30.
- Robless P, Mikhailidis DP, Stansby GP. Cilostazol for peripheral arterial disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;CD003748.
- Nicolai SP, Kruidenier LM, Bendermacher BL, Prins MH, Teijink JA. Ginkgo biloba for intermittent claudication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009a;CD006888.
- Villarruz MV, Dans A, Tan F. Chelation therapy for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002;CD002785.
- Moher D, Pham B, Ausejo M, Saenz A, Hood S, Barber GG. Pharmacological management of intermittent claudication: a meta-analysis of randomised trials. Drugs 2000;59:1057-70.
- Price J, Leng GC. Steroid sex hormones for lower limb atherosclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;10:CD000188.
- Kleijnen J, Mackerras D. Vitamin E for intermittent claudication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;CD000987.
- Cosmi B, Conti E, Coccheri S. Anticoagulants (heparin, low molecular weight heparin and oral anticoagulants) for intermittent claudication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001;CD001999.